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Spinoza &
Science

Our organization’s name is a tribute to the philosopher Benedict de Spinoza, who lived and worked in Amsterdam. In his most influential work, Ethica, he places significant emphasis on the importance of reason and evidence in the pursuit of knowledge. His way of reasoning has been essential to the establishment of modern science.

Like Spinoza, we highly value scientific research and base our protocols, programs and products on facts and objective observations as much as we can. And, to continuously improve the safety and efficacy of our offering, we closely monitor the increasing amount of scientific psychedelic studies done around the world. And, we are conducting our own research too.

First of all, we are monitoring the long term well-being of all our participants, in partnership with Cambridge University. So we understand and improve the lasting impact of our programs. Secondly, we are collaborating with several universities on a range of important psychedelic studies.

As such, we are all contributing to a better understanding of the safety and efficacy of psychedelics. Because that is critical to safeguard the responsible integration of psychedelics in society. To speak in the words of our favourite philosopher:

The highest activity a human being can attain is learning for understanding, because to understand is to be free.

So let’s start learning! In this Science section, we’ll delve into what has been researched and what is known to date. We’ll discuss characteristics of proper scientific research and also why that is sometimes difficult in psychedelic studies. And of course we’ll tell you all about our own psychedelic research and partnerships.

Research partners

Cambridge University
Leiden University
Buenos Aires University

History of psychedelic research

The history of psychedelic research has traversed a complex and fascinating path, marked by periods of intense study, legal restrictions, and recent revival. Here’s an overview of the key phases in the development of psychedelic research.

CURRENT STATE OF PSYCHEDELIC RESEARCH

Since the 2000s, there has been a notable resurgence in psychedelic research, as evidenced by the increase in reported publications.

And rightly so, as advancements in psychedelic research have reinforced the promise of psychedelic substances as a powerful tool for personal transformation and improving the overall cognitive function. Moreover, there is mounting evidence of psychedelics as a safe, effective and sometimes superior alternative to traditional pharmaceuticals for a variety of mental and psychiatric conditions.

However, it is also important to acknowledge that further research is needed and that the quality of current research differs. Also see our section The Fundamentals of Psychedelic Research below.

So let’s delve into what has been researched and what is known to date. In this section, we have carefully selected findings based on the level of scientific rigor. We present results from systematic reviews, meta-analyses and from individual studies conducted by renowned scientific institutions and published in respected journals.

(Early) Results

Fundamentals of Psychedelic Research

As previously emphasized, not all research is created equal. The quality of study designs, methodologies, and the credibility of the scientific journals that publish these studies can vary widely, meaning that the weight of evidence behind certain findings differs significantly. 

In this section, we explore the critical importance of study design in psychedelic research, while also acknowledging the unique challenges this field faces, such as small sample sizes and difficulty in conducting double-blind trials. But, we also discuss that the absence of evidence does not equate to evidence of absence. 

Furthermore, we stress the value of empirical evidence. Feedback from participants and real-world experiences provide valuable insights that, while not meeting strict scientific standards, still offer significant guidance for our work.

Lastly, we discuss the importance of medical research for our company. As a transformation-focused organization, we apply lessons from medical studies to enhance the safety and efficacy of our programs, ensuring that participants experience meaningful, lasting benefits.

Scientific Partnerships

At Spinoza, we highly value scientific research. We base our programs and products on science as much as we can. And, to continuously improve the understanding of psychedelics, we collaborate with leading academic institutes. At the moment, we are participating in two groundbreaking studies from Cambridge University and Leiden University. These studies aim to deepen our understanding of the long- term effects of psilocybin on brain connectivity, wellbeing, and behaviour. And you can participate too!

Scientific study on the changes in brain activity and well-being after psychedelic retreats

Inclusion criteria:
18-60 yrs, not pregnant or nursing, not smoking >5 cigarettes a day, not suffering from epilepsy, have sustained damage to your brain as a result of a stroke, infarction, heavy injury to the head, or neurosurgical intervention

Effort:
2x 1,5 hour session in Leiden (few days before and few days after Spinoza retreat), with questionnaire and MRI brain scan and interview, 3x 15 mins follow-up survey

Compensation:
Travel expenses to Leiden + image of your own brain connectivity + psychedelic t-shirt

LEAD: MICHIEL VAN ELK

Michiel van Elk is an associate professor at the unit of Cognitive Psychology of the Institute of Psychology.

Studies on behavioural change and mental states

Inclusion criteria:
Participant in Spinoza retreat, 25-70 yrs, no major neurological or psychiatric conditions

Effort:
Study 1: 3 online sessions (60 minutes total) over a 5 week period
Study 2: 3 online sessions (varying from 30 to 105 minutes each) over a 5 week period

Compensation:
GBP 6 / hour

LEAD: Valerie Voon

Valerie is a Professor of Neuropsychiatry and Neuromodulation in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Cambridge and a Distinguished Professor at Fudan University in Shanghai, China.

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